grid.hh

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// -*- mode: C++; tab-width: 2; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 2 -*-
// vi: set et ts=2 sw=2 sts=2:
#ifndef DUNE_POLYHEDRALGRID_GRID_HH
#define DUNE_POLYHEDRALGRID_GRID_HH
 
#include <set>
#include <vector>
 
// Warning suppression for Dune includes.
#include <opm/grid/utility/platform_dependent/disable_warnings.h>
 
//- dune-common includes
#include <dune/common/version.hh>
#include <dune/common/parallel/mpihelper.hh>
 
//- dune-grid includes
#include <dune/grid/common/grid.hh>
 
#include <dune/common/parallel/communication.hh>
 
//- polyhedralgrid includes
#include <opm/grid/polyhedralgrid/capabilities.hh>
#include <opm/grid/polyhedralgrid/declaration.hh>
#include <opm/grid/polyhedralgrid/entity.hh>
#include <opm/grid/polyhedralgrid/entityseed.hh>
#include <opm/grid/polyhedralgrid/geometry.hh>
#include <opm/grid/polyhedralgrid/gridview.hh>
#include <opm/grid/polyhedralgrid/idset.hh>
 
// Re-enable warnings.
#include <opm/grid/utility/platform_dependent/reenable_warnings.h>
 
#include <opm/common/ErrorMacros.hpp>
 
#include <opm/grid/UnstructuredGrid.h>
#include <opm/grid/cart_grid.h>
#include <opm/grid/cpgpreprocess/preprocess.h>
#include <opm/grid/GridManager.hpp>
#include <opm/grid/cornerpoint_grid.h>
#include <opm/grid/MinpvProcessor.hpp>
 
#if HAVE_ECL_INPUT
#include <opm/input/eclipse/EclipseState/Grid/EclipseGrid.hpp>
#endif
 
namespace Dune
{
 
 
  // PolyhedralGridFamily
  // ------------
 
  template< int dim, int dimworld, typename coord_t >
  struct PolyhedralGridFamily
  {
    struct Traits
    {
      typedef PolyhedralGrid< dim, dimworld, coord_t > Grid;
 
      typedef coord_t ctype;
 
      // type of data passed to entities, intersections, and iterators
      // for PolyhedralGrid this is just an empty place holder
      typedef const Grid* ExtraData;
 
      typedef int Index ;
 
      static const int dimension      = dim;
      static const int dimensionworld = dimworld;
 
      typedef Dune::FieldVector< ctype, dimensionworld > GlobalCoordinate ;
 
      typedef PolyhedralGridIntersection< const Grid > LeafIntersectionImpl;
      typedef PolyhedralGridIntersection< const Grid > LevelIntersectionImpl;
      typedef PolyhedralGridIntersectionIterator< const Grid > LeafIntersectionIteratorImpl;
      typedef PolyhedralGridIntersectionIterator< const Grid > LevelIntersectionIteratorImpl;
 
      typedef Dune::Intersection< const Grid, LeafIntersectionImpl > LeafIntersection;
      typedef Dune::Intersection< const Grid, LevelIntersectionImpl > LevelIntersection;
 
      typedef Dune::IntersectionIterator< const Grid, LeafIntersectionIteratorImpl, LeafIntersectionImpl > LeafIntersectionIterator;
      typedef Dune::IntersectionIterator< const Grid, LevelIntersectionIteratorImpl, LevelIntersectionImpl > LevelIntersectionIterator;
 
      typedef PolyhedralGridIterator< 0, const Grid, All_Partition > HierarchicIteratorImpl;
      typedef Dune::EntityIterator< 0, const Grid, HierarchicIteratorImpl > HierarchicIterator;
 
      template< int codim >
      struct Codim
      {
        typedef PolyhedralGridGeometry<dimension-codim, dimensionworld, const Grid> GeometryImpl;
        typedef Dune::Geometry< dimension-codim, dimensionworld, const Grid, PolyhedralGridGeometry > Geometry;
 
        typedef PolyhedralGridLocalGeometry< dimension-codim, dimensionworld, const Grid> LocalGeometryImpl;
        typedef Dune::Geometry< dimension-codim, dimensionworld, const Grid, PolyhedralGridLocalGeometry > LocalGeometry;
 
        typedef PolyhedralGridEntity< codim, dimension, const Grid > EntityImpl;
        typedef Dune::Entity< codim, dimension, const Grid, PolyhedralGridEntity > Entity;
 
        typedef EntityImpl EntityPointerImpl;
        typedef Entity     EntityPointer;
 
        //typedef Dune::EntitySeed< const Grid, PolyhedralGridEntitySeed< codim, const Grid > > EntitySeed;
        typedef PolyhedralGridEntitySeed< codim, const Grid > EntitySeed;
 
        template< PartitionIteratorType pitype >
        struct Partition
        {
          typedef PolyhedralGridIterator< codim, const Grid, pitype > LeafIteratorImpl;
          typedef Dune::EntityIterator< codim, const Grid, LeafIteratorImpl > LeafIterator;
 
          typedef LeafIterator LevelIterator;
        };
 
        typedef typename Partition< All_Partition >::LeafIterator LeafIterator;
        typedef typename Partition< All_Partition >::LevelIterator LevelIterator;
      };
 
      typedef PolyhedralGridIndexSet< dim, dimworld, ctype > LeafIndexSet;
      typedef PolyhedralGridIndexSet< dim, dimworld, ctype > LevelIndexSet;
 
      typedef PolyhedralGridIdSet< dim, dimworld, ctype > GlobalIdSet;
      typedef GlobalIdSet  LocalIdSet;
 
      typedef Dune::MPIHelper::MPICommunicator MPICommunicator;
      using Communication = Dune::Communication<MPICommunicator>;
      using CollectiveCommunication = Dune::Communication<MPICommunicator>;
 
      template< PartitionIteratorType pitype >
      struct Partition
      {
        typedef Dune::GridView< PolyhedralGridViewTraits< dim, dimworld, ctype, pitype > > LeafGridView;
        typedef Dune::GridView< PolyhedralGridViewTraits< dim, dimworld, ctype, pitype > > LevelGridView;
      };
 
      typedef typename Partition< All_Partition >::LeafGridView   LeafGridView;
      typedef typename Partition< All_Partition >::LevelGridView  LevelGridView;
    };
  };
 
 
 
  // PolyhedralGrid
  // --------------
 
  template < int dim, int dimworld, typename coord_t >
  class PolyhedralGrid
  : public GridDefaultImplementation
      < dim, dimworld, coord_t, PolyhedralGridFamily< dim, dimworld, coord_t > >
  {
    typedef PolyhedralGrid< dim, dimworld, coord_t > Grid;
 
    typedef GridDefaultImplementation
      < dim, dimworld, coord_t, PolyhedralGridFamily< dim, dimworld, coord_t > > Base;
 
  public:
    typedef UnstructuredGrid  UnstructuredGridType;
 
  protected:
    struct UnstructuredGridDeleter
    {
      inline void operator () ( UnstructuredGridType* grdPtr )
      {
        destroy_grid( grdPtr );
      }
    };
 
  public:
    typedef std::unique_ptr< UnstructuredGridType, UnstructuredGridDeleter > UnstructuredGridPtr;
 
    static UnstructuredGridPtr
    allocateGrid ( std::size_t nCells, std::size_t nFaces, std::size_t nFaceNodes, std::size_t nCellFaces, std::size_t nNodes )
    {
      // Note that we here assign a grid of dimension dimworld in order to obtain global coordinates in the correct dimension
      UnstructuredGridType *grid = allocate_grid( dimworld, nCells, nFaces, nFaceNodes, nCellFaces, nNodes );
      if( !grid )
        DUNE_THROW( GridError, "Unable to allocate grid" );
      return UnstructuredGridPtr( grid );
    }
 
    static void
    computeGeometry ( UnstructuredGridPtr& ug )
    {
      // get C pointer to UnstructuredGrid
      UnstructuredGrid* ugPtr = ug.operator ->();
 
      // compute geometric quantities like cell volume and face normals
      compute_geometry( ugPtr );
    }
 
    typedef PolyhedralGridFamily< dim, dimworld, coord_t > GridFamily;
    typedef typename GridFamily::Traits Traits;
 
    template< int codim >
    struct Codim;
 
    typedef typename Traits::HierarchicIterator HierarchicIterator;
    typedef typename Traits::LeafIntersectionIterator LeafIntersectionIterator;
    typedef typename Traits::LevelIntersectionIterator LevelIntersectionIterator;
 
    template< PartitionIteratorType pitype >
    struct Partition
    {
      typedef typename GridFamily::Traits::template Partition< pitype >::LevelGridView LevelGridView;
      typedef typename GridFamily::Traits::template Partition< pitype >::LeafGridView LeafGridView;
    };
 
    typedef typename Partition< All_Partition >::LevelGridView LevelGridView;
    typedef typename Partition< All_Partition >::LeafGridView LeafGridView;
 
    typedef typename Traits::LeafIndexSet LeafIndexSet;
 
    typedef typename Traits::LevelIndexSet LevelIndexSet;
 
    typedef typename Traits::GlobalIdSet GlobalIdSet;
 
    typedef typename Traits::LocalIdSet LocalIdSet;
 
    typedef typename Traits::ctype ctype;
 
    using Communication = typename Traits::Communication;
    using CommunicationType = Communication;
 
    typedef typename Traits :: GlobalCoordinate GlobalCoordinate;
 
#if HAVE_ECL_INPUT
    explicit PolyhedralGrid ( const Opm::EclipseGrid& inputGrid,
                              const std::vector<double>& poreVolumes = std::vector<double> ())
    : gridPtr_( createGrid( inputGrid, poreVolumes ) ),
      grid_( *gridPtr_ ),
      comm_( MPIHelper::getCommunicator() ),
      leafIndexSet_( *this ),
      globalIdSet_( *this ),
      localIdSet_( *this ),
      nBndSegments_( 0 )
    {
      init();
    }
#endif
 
    explicit PolyhedralGrid ( const std::vector< int >& n,
                              const std::vector< double >& dx )
    : gridPtr_( createGrid( n, dx ) ),
      grid_( *gridPtr_ ),
      comm_( MPIHelper::getCommunicator()),
      leafIndexSet_( *this ),
      globalIdSet_( *this ),
      localIdSet_( *this ),
      nBndSegments_( 0 )
    {
      init();
    }
 
    explicit PolyhedralGrid ( UnstructuredGridPtr &&gridPtr )
    : gridPtr_( std::move( gridPtr ) ),
      grid_( *gridPtr_ ),
      comm_( MPIHelper::getCommunicator() ),
      leafIndexSet_( *this ),
      globalIdSet_( *this ),
      localIdSet_( *this ),
      nBndSegments_( 0 )
    {
      init();
    }
 
    explicit PolyhedralGrid ( const UnstructuredGridType& grid )
    : gridPtr_(),
      grid_( grid ),
      comm_( MPIHelper::getCommunicator() ),
      leafIndexSet_( *this ),
      globalIdSet_( *this ),
      localIdSet_( *this ),
      nBndSegments_( 0 )
    {
      init();
    }
 
    operator const UnstructuredGridType& () const { return grid_; }
 
    int maxLevel () const
    {
      return 0;
    }
 
    int size ( int /* level */, int codim ) const
    {
      return size( codim );
    }
 
    int size ( int codim ) const
    {
      if( codim == 0 )
      {
        return grid_.number_of_cells;
      }
      else if ( codim == 1 )
      {
        return grid_.number_of_faces;
      }
      else if ( codim == dim )
      {
        return grid_.number_of_nodes;
      }
      else
      {
        std::cerr << "Warning: codimension " << codim << " not available in PolyhedralGrid" << std::endl;
        return 0;
      }
    }
 
    int size ( int /* level */, GeometryType type ) const
    {
      return size( dim - type.dim() );
    }
 
    int size ( GeometryType type ) const
    {
      return size( dim - type.dim() );
    }
 
    size_t numBoundarySegments () const
    {
      return nBndSegments_;
    }
    template< int codim >
    typename Codim< codim >::LeafIterator leafbegin () const
    {
      return leafbegin< codim, All_Partition >();
    }
 
    template< int codim >
    typename Codim< codim >::LeafIterator leafend () const
    {
      return leafend< codim, All_Partition >();
    }
 
    template< int codim, PartitionIteratorType pitype >
    typename Codim< codim >::template Partition< pitype >::LeafIterator
    leafbegin () const
    {
      typedef typename Traits::template Codim< codim >::template Partition< pitype >::LeafIteratorImpl Impl;
      return Impl( extraData(), true );
    }
 
    template< int codim, PartitionIteratorType pitype >
    typename Codim< codim >::template Partition< pitype >::LeafIterator
    leafend () const
    {
      typedef typename Traits::template Codim< codim >::template Partition< pitype >::LeafIteratorImpl Impl;
      return Impl( extraData(), false );
    }
 
    template< int codim >
    typename Codim< codim >::LevelIterator lbegin ( const int /* level */ ) const
    {
      return leafbegin< codim, All_Partition >();
    }
 
    template< int codim >
    typename Codim< codim >::LevelIterator lend ( const int /* level */ ) const
    {
      return leafend< codim, All_Partition >();
    }
 
    template< int codim, PartitionIteratorType pitype >
    typename Codim< codim >::template Partition< pitype >::LevelIterator
    lbegin ( const int /* level */ ) const
    {
      return leafbegin< codim, pitype > ();
    }
 
    template< int codim, PartitionIteratorType pitype >
    typename Codim< codim >::template Partition< pitype >::LevelIterator
    lend ( const int /* level */ ) const
    {
      return leafend< codim, pitype > ();
    }
 
    const GlobalIdSet &globalIdSet () const
    {
      return globalIdSet_;
    }
 
    const LocalIdSet &localIdSet () const
    {
      return localIdSet_;
    }
 
    const LevelIndexSet &levelIndexSet ( int /* level */ ) const
    {
      return leafIndexSet();
    }
 
    const LeafIndexSet &leafIndexSet () const
    {
      return leafIndexSet_;
    }
 
    void globalRefine ( int /* refCount */ )
    {
    }
 
    bool mark ( int /* refCount */, const typename Codim< 0 >::Entity& /* entity */ )
    {
      return false;
    }
 
    int getMark ( const typename Codim< 0 >::Entity& /* entity */) const
    {
      return false;
    }
 
    bool preAdapt ()
    {
      return false;
    }
 
    bool adapt ()
    {
      return false ;
    }
 
    template< class DataHandle >
    bool adapt ( DataHandle & )
    {
      return false;
    }
 
    void postAdapt ()
    {
    }
 
    int overlapSize ( int /* codim */) const
    {
      return 0;
    }
 
    int ghostSize( int codim ) const
    {
      return (codim == 0 ) ? 1 : 0;
    }
 
    int overlapSize ( int /* level */, int /* codim */ ) const
    {
      return 0;
    }
 
    int ghostSize ( int /* level */, int codim ) const
    {
      return ghostSize( codim );
    }
 
    template< class DataHandle>
    void communicate ( DataHandle& /* dataHandle */,
                       InterfaceType /* interface */,
                       CommunicationDirection /* direction */,
                       int /* level */ ) const
    {
        OPM_THROW(std::runtime_error, "communicate not implemented for polyhedreal grid!");
    }
 
    template< class DataHandle>
    void communicate ( DataHandle& /* dataHandle */,
                       InterfaceType /* interface */,
                       CommunicationDirection /* direction */ ) const
    {
        OPM_THROW(std::runtime_error, "communicate not implemented for polyhedreal grid!");
    }
 
    void switchToGlobalView()
    {
        OPM_THROW(std::runtime_error, "switch to global view not implemented for polyhedreal grid!");
    }
 
    void switchToDistributedView()
    {
        OPM_THROW(std::runtime_error, "switch to distributed view not implemented for polyhedreal grid!");
    }
 
    const CommunicationType &comm () const
    {
      return comm_;
    }
 
    // data handle interface different between geo and interface
 
    bool loadBalance ()
    {
      return false ;
    }
 
    template< class DataHandle, class Data >
    bool loadBalance ( CommDataHandleIF< DataHandle, Data >& /* datahandle */ )
    {
      return false;
    }
 
    template< class DofManager >
    bool loadBalance ( DofManager& /* dofManager */ )
    {
      return false;
    }
 
    template< PartitionIteratorType pitype >
    typename Partition< pitype >::LevelGridView levelGridView ( int /* level */ ) const
    {
      typedef typename Partition< pitype >::LevelGridView View;
      typedef typename View::GridViewImp ViewImp;
      return View( ViewImp( *this ) );
    }
 
    template< PartitionIteratorType pitype >
    typename Partition< pitype >::LeafGridView leafGridView () const
    {
      typedef typename Traits::template Partition< pitype >::LeafGridView View;
      typedef typename View::GridViewImp ViewImp;
      return View( ViewImp( *this ) );
    }
 
    LevelGridView levelGridView ( int /* level */ ) const
    {
      typedef typename LevelGridView::GridViewImp ViewImp;
      return LevelGridView( ViewImp( *this ) );
    }
 
    LeafGridView leafGridView () const
    {
      typedef typename LeafGridView::GridViewImp ViewImp;
      return LeafGridView( ViewImp( *this ) );
    }
 
    template< class EntitySeed >
    typename Traits::template Codim< EntitySeed::codimension >::EntityPointer
    entityPointer ( const EntitySeed &seed ) const
    {
      typedef typename Traits::template Codim< EntitySeed::codimension >::EntityPointer     EntityPointer;
      typedef typename Traits::template Codim< EntitySeed::codimension >::EntityPointerImpl EntityPointerImpl;
      typedef typename Traits::template Codim< EntitySeed::codimension >::EntityImpl        EntityImpl;
      return EntityPointer( EntityPointerImpl( EntityImpl( extraData(), seed ) ) );
    }
 
    template< class EntitySeed >
    typename Traits::template Codim< EntitySeed::codimension >::Entity
    entity ( const EntitySeed &seed ) const
    {
      typedef typename Traits::template Codim< EntitySeed::codimension >::EntityImpl        EntityImpl;
      return EntityImpl( extraData(), seed );
    }
 
    void update ()
    {
    }
 
    const std::array<int, 3>& logicalCartesianSize() const
    {
      return cartDims_;
    }
 
    const int* globalCell() const
    {
      assert( grid_.global_cell != 0 );
      return grid_.global_cell;
    }
 
    const int* globalCellPtr() const
    {
      return grid_.global_cell;
    }
 
    void getIJK(const int c, std::array<int,3>& ijk) const
    {
      int gc = globalCell()[c];
      ijk[0] = gc % logicalCartesianSize()[0];  gc /= logicalCartesianSize()[0];
      ijk[1] = gc % logicalCartesianSize()[1];
      ijk[2] = gc / logicalCartesianSize()[1];
    }
 
 
 
    template<class DataHandle>
    void scatterData([[maybe_unused]] DataHandle& handle) const
    {
        OPM_THROW(std::runtime_error, "ScatterData not implemented for polyhedral grid!");
    }
 
  protected:
#if HAVE_ECL_INPUT
    UnstructuredGridType* createGrid( const Opm::EclipseGrid& inputGrid, const std::vector< double >& poreVolumes ) const
    {
        struct grdecl g;
 
        g.dims[0] = inputGrid.getNX();
        g.dims[1] = inputGrid.getNY();
        g.dims[2] = inputGrid.getNZ();
 
        std::vector<double> coord = inputGrid.getCOORD( );
        std::vector<double> zcorn = inputGrid.getZCORN( );
        std::vector<int> actnum = inputGrid.getACTNUM(  );
 
        g.coord = coord.data();
        g.zcorn = zcorn.data();
        g.actnum = actnum.data();
 
        const double z_tolerance = inputGrid.isPinchActive() ? inputGrid.getPinchThresholdThickness() : 0.0;
 
        if (!poreVolumes.empty() && (inputGrid.getMinpvMode() != Opm::MinpvMode::Inactive))
        {
          Opm::MinpvProcessor mp(g.dims[0], g.dims[1], g.dims[2]);
          const std::vector<double>& minpvv  = inputGrid.getMinpvVector();
          // Currently the pinchProcessor is not used and only opmfil is supported
          // The polyhedralgrid only only supports the opmfil option
          //bool opmfil = inputGrid.getMinpvMode() == Opm::MinpvMode::OpmFIL;
          bool opmfil = true;
          const size_t cartGridSize = g.dims[0] * g.dims[1] * g.dims[2];
          std::vector<double> thickness(cartGridSize);
          for (size_t i = 0; i < cartGridSize; ++i) {
              thickness[i] = inputGrid.getCellThickness(i);
          }
          mp.process(thickness, z_tolerance, inputGrid.getPinchMaxEmptyGap() , poreVolumes,
                     minpvv, actnum, opmfil, zcorn.data());
        }
 
        /*
        if (!poreVolumes.empty() && (inputGrid.getMinpvMode() != Opm::MinpvMode::Inactive)) {
            Opm::MinpvProcessor mp(g.dims[0], g.dims[1], g.dims[2]);
            const double minpv_value  = inputGrid.getMinpvValue();
            // Currently the pinchProcessor is not used and only opmfil is supported
            //bool opmfil = inputGrid.getMinpvMode() == Opm::MinpvMode::OpmFIL;
            bool opmfil = true;
            mp.process(poreVolumes, minpv_value, actnum, opmfil, zcorn.data());
        }
        */
 
        UnstructuredGridType* cgrid = create_grid_cornerpoint(&g, z_tolerance);
        if (!cgrid) {
            OPM_THROW(std::runtime_error, "Failed to construct grid.");
        }
        return cgrid;
    }
#endif
 
    UnstructuredGridType* createGrid( const std::vector< int >& n, const std::vector< double >& dx ) const
    {
        UnstructuredGridType* cgrid = nullptr ;
        assert( int(n.size()) == dim );
        if( dim == 2 )
        {
          cgrid = create_grid_cart2d( n[ 0 ], n[ 1 ], dx[ 0 ], dx[ 1 ] );
        }
        else if ( dim == 3 )
        {
          cgrid = create_grid_hexa3d( n[ 0 ], n[ 1 ], n[ 2 ], dx[ 0 ], dx[ 1 ], dx[ 2 ] );
        }
 
        //print_grid( cgrid );
        if (!cgrid) {
            OPM_THROW(std::runtime_error, "Failed to construct grid.");
        }
        return cgrid;
    }
 
  public:
#if DUNE_VERSION_LT_REV(DUNE_GRID, 2, 7, 1)
    using Base::getRealImplementation;
#endif
    typedef typename Traits :: ExtraData ExtraData;
    ExtraData extraData () const  { return this; }
 
    template <class EntitySeed>
    int corners( const EntitySeed& seed ) const
    {
      const int codim = EntitySeed :: codimension;
      const int index = seed.index();
      if (codim==0)
        return cellVertices_[ index ].size();
      if (codim==1)
        return grid_.face_nodepos[ index+1 ] - grid_.face_nodepos[ index ];
      if (codim==dim)
         return 1;
      return 0;
    }
 
    template <class EntitySeed>
    GlobalCoordinate
    corner ( const EntitySeed& seed, const int i ) const
    {
      const int codim = EntitySeed :: codimension;
      if (codim==0)
      {
        const int coordIndex = GlobalCoordinate :: dimension * cellVertices_[ seed.index() ][ i ];
          return copyToGlobalCoordinate( grid_.node_coordinates + coordIndex );
      }
      if (codim==1)
      {
        // for faces we need to swap vertices in 3d since in UnstructuredGrid
        // those are ordered counter clockwise, for 2d this does not matter
        // TODO: Improve this for performance reasons
        const int crners = corners( seed );
        const int crner  = (crners == 4 && EntitySeed :: dimension == 3 && i > 1 ) ? 5 - i : i;
        const int faceVertex = grid_.face_nodes[ grid_.face_nodepos[seed.index() ] + crner ];
        return copyToGlobalCoordinate( grid_.node_coordinates + GlobalCoordinate :: dimension * faceVertex );
      }
      if (codim==dim)
      {
        const int coordIndex = GlobalCoordinate :: dimension * seed.index();
        return copyToGlobalCoordinate( grid_.node_coordinates + coordIndex );
      }      
      return GlobalCoordinate( 0 );
    }
 
    template <class EntitySeed>
    int subEntities( const EntitySeed& seed, const int codim ) const
    {
      const int index = seed.index();
      if( seed.codimension == 0 )
      {
        if (codim==0)
          return 1;
        if (codim==1)
          return grid_.cell_facepos[ index+1 ] - grid_.cell_facepos[ index ];
        if (codim==dim)
          return cellVertices_[ index ].size();
      }
      else if( seed.codimension == 1 )
      {
        if (codim==1)
          return 1;
        if (codim==dim)
          return grid_.face_nodepos[ index+1 ] - grid_.face_nodepos[ index ];
      }
      else if ( seed.codimension == dim )
      {
        return 1 ;
      }
 
      return 0;
    }
 
    template <int codim, class EntitySeedArg >
    typename Codim<codim>::EntitySeed
    subEntitySeed( const EntitySeedArg& baseSeed, const int i ) const
    {
      assert( codim >= EntitySeedArg::codimension );
      assert( i>= 0 && i<subEntities( baseSeed, codim ) );
      typedef typename Codim<codim>::EntitySeed  EntitySeed;
 
      // if codim equals entity seed codim just return same entity seed.
      if( codim == EntitySeedArg::codimension )
      {
        return EntitySeed( baseSeed.index() );
      }
 
      if( EntitySeedArg::codimension == 0 )
      {
        if ( codim == 1 )
        {
          return EntitySeed( grid_.cell_faces[ grid_.cell_facepos[ baseSeed.index() ] + i ] );
        }
        else if ( codim == dim )
        {
          return EntitySeed( cellVertices_[ baseSeed.index() ][ i ] );
        }
      }
      else if ( EntitySeedArg::codimension == 1 && codim == dim )
      {
        return EntitySeed( grid_.face_nodes[ grid_.face_nodepos[ baseSeed.index() + i ] ]);
      }
 
      DUNE_THROW(NotImplemented,"codimension not available");
      return EntitySeed();
    }
 
    template <int codim>
    typename Codim<codim>::EntitySeed
    subEntitySeed( const typename Codim<1>::EntitySeed& faceSeed, const int i ) const
    {
      assert( i>= 0 && i<subEntities( faceSeed, codim ) );
      typedef typename Codim<codim>::EntitySeed  EntitySeed;
      if ( codim == 1 )
      {
        return EntitySeed( faceSeed.index() );
      }
      else if ( codim == dim )
      {
        return EntitySeed( grid_.face_nodes[ grid_.face_nodepos[ faceSeed.index() ] + i ] );
      }
      else
      {
        DUNE_THROW(NotImplemented,"codimension not available");
      }
    }
 
    bool hasBoundaryIntersections(const typename Codim<0>::EntitySeed& seed ) const
    {
      const int faces = subEntities( seed, 1 );
      for( int f=0; f<faces; ++f )
      {
        const auto faceSeed = this->template subEntitySeed<1>( seed, f );
        if( isBoundaryFace( faceSeed ) )
          return true;
      }
      return false;
    }
 
    bool isBoundaryFace(const int face ) const
    {
      assert( face >= 0 && face < grid_.number_of_faces );
      const int facePos = 2 * face;
      return ((grid_.face_cells[ facePos ] < 0) || (grid_.face_cells[ facePos+1 ] < 0));
    }
 
    bool isBoundaryFace(const typename Codim<1>::EntitySeed& faceSeed ) const
    {
      assert( faceSeed.isValid() );
      return isBoundaryFace( faceSeed.index() );
    }
 
    int boundarySegmentIndex(const typename Codim<0>::EntitySeed& seed, const int face ) const
    {
      const auto faceSeed = this->template subEntitySeed<1>( seed, face );
      assert( faceSeed.isValid() );
      const int facePos = 2 * faceSeed.index();
      const int idx = std::min( grid_.face_cells[ facePos ], grid_.face_cells[ facePos+1 ]);
      // check that this is actually the boundary
      assert( idx < 0 );
      return -(idx+1); // +1 to include 0 boundary segment index
    }
 
    const std::vector< GeometryType > &geomTypes ( const unsigned int codim ) const
    {
      static std::vector< GeometryType > emptyDummy;
      if (codim < geomTypes_.size())
      {
        return geomTypes_[codim];
      }
 
      return emptyDummy;
    }
 
    template < class Seed >
    GeometryType geometryType( const Seed& seed ) const
    {
      if( Seed::codimension == 0 )
      {
        assert(!geomTypes( Seed::codimension ).empty());
        return geomTypes( Seed::codimension )[ 0 ];
      }
      else
      {
        // 3d faces
        if( dim == 3 && Seed::codimension == 1 )
        {
          GeometryType face;
          const int nVx = corners( seed );
          if( nVx == 4 ) // quad face
            face = Dune::GeometryTypes::cube(2);
          else if( nVx == 3 ) // triangle face
            face = Dune::GeometryTypes::simplex(2);
          else // polygonal face
            face = Dune::GeometryTypes::none(2);
          return face;
        }
 
        // for codim 2 and codim 3 there is only one option
        assert(!geomTypes( Seed::codimension ).empty());
        return geomTypes( Seed::codimension )[ 0 ];
      }
    }
 
    int indexInInside( const typename Codim<0>::EntitySeed& seed, const int i ) const
    {
      return ( grid_.cell_facetag ) ? cartesianIndexInInside( seed, i ) : i;
    }
 
    int cartesianIndexInInside( const typename Codim<0>::EntitySeed& seed, const int i ) const
    {
      assert( i>= 0 && i<subEntities( seed, 1 ) );
      return grid_.cell_facetag[ grid_.cell_facepos[ seed.index() ] + i ] ;
    }
 
    typename Codim<0>::EntitySeed
    neighbor( const typename Codim<0>::EntitySeed& seed, const int i ) const
    {
      const int face = this->template subEntitySeed<1>( seed, i ).index();
      int nb = grid_.face_cells[ 2 * face ];
      if( nb == seed.index() )
      {
        nb = grid_.face_cells[ 2 * face + 1 ];
      }
 
      typedef typename Codim<0>::EntitySeed EntitySeed;
      return EntitySeed( nb );
    }
 
    int
    indexInOutside( const typename Codim<0>::EntitySeed& seed, const int i ) const
    {
      if( grid_.cell_facetag )
      {
        // if cell_facetag is present we assume pseudo Cartesian corner point case
        const int in_inside = cartesianIndexInInside( seed, i );
        return in_inside + ((in_inside % 2) ? -1 : 1);
      }
      else
      {
        typedef typename Codim<0>::EntitySeed EntitySeed;
        EntitySeed nb = neighbor( seed, i );
        const int faces = subEntities( seed, 1 );
        for( int face = 0; face<faces; ++ face )
        {
          if( neighbor( nb, face ).equals(seed) )
          {
            return indexInInside( nb, face );
          }
        }
        DUNE_THROW(InvalidStateException,"inverse intersection not found");
        return -1;
      }
    }
 
    template <class EntitySeed>
    GlobalCoordinate
    outerNormal( const EntitySeed& seed, const int i ) const
    {
      const int face  = this->template subEntitySeed<1>( seed, i ).index();
      const int normalIdx = face * GlobalCoordinate :: dimension ;
      GlobalCoordinate normal = copyToGlobalCoordinate( grid_.face_normals + normalIdx );
      const int nb = grid_.face_cells[ 2*face ];
      if( nb != seed.index() )
      {
        normal *= -1.0;
      }
      return normal;
    }
 
    template <class EntitySeed>
    GlobalCoordinate
    unitOuterNormal( const EntitySeed& seed, const int i ) const
    {
      const int face  = this->template subEntitySeed<1>( seed, i ).index();
      if( seed.index() == grid_.face_cells[ 2*face ] )
      {
        return unitOuterNormals_[ face ];
      }
      else
      {
        GlobalCoordinate normal = unitOuterNormals_[ face ];
        normal *= -1.0;
        return normal;
      }
    }
 
    template <class EntitySeed>
    GlobalCoordinate centroids( const EntitySeed& seed ) const
    {
      if( ! seed.isValid() )
        return GlobalCoordinate( 0 );
 
      const int index = GlobalCoordinate :: dimension * seed.index();
      const int codim = EntitySeed::codimension;
      assert( index >= 0 && index < size( codim ) * GlobalCoordinate :: dimension );
 
      if( codim == 0 )
      {
        return copyToGlobalCoordinate( grid_.cell_centroids + index );
      }
      else if ( codim == 1 )
      {
        return copyToGlobalCoordinate( grid_.face_centroids + index );
      }
      else if( codim == dim )
      {
        return copyToGlobalCoordinate( grid_.node_coordinates + index );
      }
      else
      {
        DUNE_THROW(InvalidStateException,"codimension not implemented");
        return GlobalCoordinate( 0 );
      }
    }
 
    GlobalCoordinate copyToGlobalCoordinate( const double* coords ) const
    {
      GlobalCoordinate coordinate;
      for( int i=0; i<GlobalCoordinate::dimension; ++i )
      {
        coordinate[ i ] = coords[ i ];
      }
      return coordinate;
    }
 
    template <class EntitySeed>
    double volumes( const EntitySeed& seed ) const
    {
      static const int codim = EntitySeed::codimension;
      if( codim == dim || ! seed.isValid() )
      {
        return 1.0;
      }
      else
      {
        assert( seed.isValid() );
 
        if( codim == 0 )
        {
          return grid_.cell_volumes[ seed.index() ];
        }
        else if ( codim == 1 )
        {
          return grid_.face_areas[ seed.index() ];
        }
        else
        {
          DUNE_THROW(InvalidStateException,"codimension not implemented");
          return 0.0;
        }
      }
    }
 
  protected:
    void init ()
    {
      // copy Cartesian dimensions
      for( int i=0; i<3; ++i )
      {
        cartDims_[ i ] = grid_.cartdims[ i ];
      }
 
      // setup list of cell vertices
      const int numCells = size( 0 );
 
      cellVertices_.resize( numCells );
 
      // sort vertices such that they comply with the dune reference cube
      if( grid_.cell_facetag )
      {
        typedef std::array<int, 3> KeyType;
        std::map< const KeyType, const int > vertexFaceTags;
        const int vertexFacePattern [8][3] = {
                                { 0, 2, 4 }, // vertex 0
                                { 1, 2, 4 }, // vertex 1
                                { 0, 3, 4 }, // vertex 2
                                { 1, 3, 4 }, // vertex 3
                                { 0, 2, 5 }, // vertex 4
                                { 1, 2, 5 }, // vertex 5
                                { 0, 3, 5 }, // vertex 6
                                { 1, 3, 5 }  // vertex 7
                               };
 
        for( int i=0; i<8; ++i )
        {
          KeyType key; key.fill( 4 ); // default is 4 which is the first z coord (for the 2d case)
          for( int j=0; j<dim; ++j )
          {
            key[ j ] = vertexFacePattern[ i ][ j ];
          }
 
          vertexFaceTags.insert( std::make_pair( key, i ) );
        }
 
        for (int c = 0; c < numCells; ++c)
        {
          if( dim == 2 )
          {
            // for 2d Cartesian grids the face ordering is wrong
            int f = grid_.cell_facepos[ c ];
            std::swap( grid_.cell_faces[ f+1 ], grid_.cell_faces[ f+2 ] );
            std::swap( grid_.cell_facetag[ f+1 ], grid_.cell_facetag[ f+2 ] );
          }
 
          typedef std::map<int,int> vertexmap_t;
          typedef typename vertexmap_t :: iterator iterator;
 
          std::vector< vertexmap_t > cell_pts( dim*2 );
 
          for (int hf=grid_.cell_facepos[ c ]; hf < grid_.cell_facepos[c+1]; ++hf)
          {
            const int f = grid_.cell_faces[ hf ];
            const int faceTag = grid_.cell_facetag[ hf ];
 
            for( int nodepos=grid_.face_nodepos[f]; nodepos<grid_.face_nodepos[f+1]; ++nodepos )
            {
              const int node = grid_.face_nodes[ nodepos ];
              iterator it = cell_pts[ faceTag ].find( node );
              if( it == cell_pts[ faceTag ].end() )
              {
                 cell_pts[ faceTag ].insert( std::make_pair( node, 1 ) );
              }
              else
              {
                // increase vertex reference counter
                (*it).second++;
              }
            }
          }
 
          typedef std::map< int, std::set<int> > vertexlist_t;
          vertexlist_t vertexList;
 
          for( int faceTag = 0; faceTag<dim*2; ++faceTag )
          {
            for( iterator it = cell_pts[ faceTag ].begin(),
                 end = cell_pts[ faceTag ].end(); it != end; ++it )
            {
 
              // only consider vertices with one appearance
              if( (*it).second == 1 )
              {
                vertexList[ (*it).first ].insert( faceTag );
              }
            }
          }
 
          assert( int(vertexList.size()) == ( dim == 2 ? 4 : 8) );
 
          cellVertices_[ c ].resize( vertexList.size() );
          for( auto it = vertexList.begin(), end = vertexList.end(); it != end; ++it )
          {
            assert( (*it).second.size() == dim );
            KeyType key; key.fill( 4 ); // fill with 4 which is the first z coord
 
            std::copy( (*it).second.begin(), (*it).second.end(), key.begin() );
            auto vx = vertexFaceTags.find( key );
            assert( vx != vertexFaceTags.end() );
            if( vx != vertexFaceTags.end() )
            {
              if( (*vx).second >= int(cellVertices_[ c ].size()) )
                cellVertices_[ c ].resize( (*vx).second+1 );
              // store node number on correct local position
              cellVertices_[ c ][ (*vx).second ] = (*it).first ;
            }
          }
        }
 
        // if face_tag is available we assume that the elements follow a cube-like structure
        geomTypes_.resize(dim + 1);
        GeometryType tmp;
        for (int codim = 0; codim <= dim; ++codim)
        {
          tmp = Dune::GeometryTypes::cube(dim - codim);
          geomTypes_[codim].push_back(tmp);
        }
      }
      else // if ( grid_.cell_facetag )
      {
        int maxVx = 0 ;
        int minVx = std::numeric_limits<int>::max();
 
        for (int c = 0; c < numCells; ++c)
        {
          std::set<int> cell_pts;
          for (int hf=grid_.cell_facepos[ c ]; hf < grid_.cell_facepos[c+1]; ++hf)
          {
             int f = grid_.cell_faces[ hf ];
             const int* fnbeg = grid_.face_nodes + grid_.face_nodepos[f];
             const int* fnend = grid_.face_nodes + grid_.face_nodepos[f+1];
             cell_pts.insert(fnbeg, fnend);
          }
 
          cellVertices_[ c ].resize( cell_pts.size() );
          std::copy(cell_pts.begin(), cell_pts.end(), cellVertices_[ c ].begin() );
          maxVx = std::max( maxVx, int( cell_pts.size() ) );
          minVx = std::min( minVx, int( cell_pts.size() ) );
        }
 
        if( minVx == maxVx && maxVx == 4 )
        {
          for (int c = 0; c < numCells; ++c)
          {
            assert( cellVertices_[ c ].size() == 4 );
            GlobalCoordinate center( 0 );
            GlobalCoordinate p[ dim+1 ];
            for( int i=0; i<dim+1; ++i )
            {
              const int vertex = cellVertices_[ c ][ i ];
 
              for( int d=0; d<dim; ++d )
              {
                center[ d ] += grid_.node_coordinates[ vertex*dim + d ];
                p[ i ][ d ]  = grid_.node_coordinates[ vertex*dim + d ];
              }
            }
            center *= 0.25;
            for( int d=0; d<dim; ++d )
            {
              grid_.cell_centroids[ c*dim + d ] = center[ d ];
            }
 
            Dune::GeometryType simplex;
            simplex = Dune::GeometryTypes::simplex(dim);
 
            typedef Dune::AffineGeometry< ctype, dim, dimworld>  AffineGeometryType;
            AffineGeometryType geometry( simplex, p );
            grid_.cell_volumes[ c ] = geometry.volume();
          }
        }
 
        // check face normals
        {
          const int faces = grid_.number_of_faces;
          for( int face = 0 ; face < faces; ++face )
          {
            const int a = grid_.face_cells[ 2*face     ];
            const int b = grid_.face_cells[ 2*face + 1 ];
 
            assert( a >=0 || b >=0 );
 
            if( grid_.face_areas[ face ] < 0 )
              std::abort();
 
            GlobalCoordinate centerDiff( 0 );
            if( b >= 0 )
            {
              for( int d=0; d<dimworld; ++d )
              {
                centerDiff[ d ] = grid_.cell_centroids[ b*dimworld + d ];
              }
            }
            else
            {
              for( int d=0; d<dimworld; ++d )
              {
                centerDiff[ d ] = grid_.face_centroids[ face*dimworld + d ];
              }
            }
 
            if( a >= 0 )
            {
              for( int d=0; d<dimworld; ++d )
              {
                centerDiff[ d ] -= grid_.cell_centroids[ a*dimworld + d ];
              }
            }
            else
            {
              for( int d=0; d<dimworld; ++d )
              {
                centerDiff[ d ] -= grid_.face_centroids[ face*dimworld + d ];
              }
            }
 
            GlobalCoordinate normal( 0 );
            for( int d=0; d<dimworld; ++d )
            {
              normal[ d ] = grid_.face_normals[ face*dimworld + d ];
            }
 
            if( centerDiff.two_norm() < 1e-10 )
              std::abort();
 
            // if diff and normal point in different direction, flip faces
            if( centerDiff * normal < 0 )
            {
              grid_.face_cells[ 2*face     ] = b;
              grid_.face_cells[ 2*face + 1 ] = a;
            }
          }
        }
 
        bool allSimplex = true ;
        bool allCube    = true ;
 
        for (int c = 0; c < numCells; ++c)
        {
          const int nVx = cellVertices_[ c ].size();
          if( nVx != 4 )
          {
              allSimplex = false;
          }
 
          if( nVx != 8 )
          {
              allCube = false;
          }
        }
        // Propogate the cell geometry type to all codimensions
        geomTypes_.resize(dim + 1);
        GeometryType tmp;
        for (int codim = 0; codim <= dim; ++codim)
        {
          if( allSimplex )
          {
            tmp = Dune::GeometryTypes::simplex(dim - codim);
            geomTypes_[ codim ].push_back( tmp );
          }
          else if ( allCube )
          {
            tmp = Dune::GeometryTypes::cube(dim - codim);
            geomTypes_[ codim ].push_back( tmp );
          }
          else
          {
            tmp = Dune::GeometryTypes::none(dim - codim);
            geomTypes_[ codim ].push_back( tmp );
          }
        }
 
      } // end else of ( grid_.cell_facetag )
 
      nBndSegments_ = 0;
      unitOuterNormals_.resize( grid_.number_of_faces );
      for( int face = 0; face < grid_.number_of_faces; ++face )
      {
        const int normalIdx = face * GlobalCoordinate :: dimension ;
        GlobalCoordinate normal = copyToGlobalCoordinate( grid_.face_normals + normalIdx );
        normal /= normal.two_norm();
        unitOuterNormals_[ face ] = normal;
 
        if( isBoundaryFace( face ) )
        {
          // increase number if boundary segments
          ++nBndSegments_;
          const int facePos = 2 * face ;
          // store negative number to indicate boundary
          // the abstract value is the segment index
          if( grid_.face_cells[ facePos ] < 0 )
          {
            grid_.face_cells[ facePos ] = -nBndSegments_;
          }
          else if ( grid_.face_cells[ facePos+1 ] < 0 )
          {
            grid_.face_cells[ facePos+1 ] = -nBndSegments_;
          }
        }
      }
    }
 
    void print( std::ostream& out, const UnstructuredGridType& grid ) const
    {
      const int numCells = grid.number_of_cells;
      for( int c=0; c<numCells; ++c )
      {
        out << "cell " << c << " : faces = " << std::endl;
        for (int hf=grid.cell_facepos[ c ]; hf < grid.cell_facepos[c+1]; ++hf)
        {
           int f = grid_.cell_faces[ hf ];
           const int* fnbeg = grid_.face_nodes + grid_.face_nodepos[f];
           const int* fnend = grid_.face_nodes + grid_.face_nodepos[f+1];
           out << f << "  vx = " ;
           while( fnbeg != fnend )
           {
             out << *fnbeg << " ";
             ++fnbeg;
           }
           out << std::endl;
        }
        out << std::endl;
 
        const auto& vx = cellVertices_[ c ];
        out << "cell " << c << " : vertices = ";
        for( size_t  i=0; i<vx.size(); ++i )
          out << vx[ i ] << " ";
        out << std::endl;
      }
 
    }
 
  protected:
    UnstructuredGridPtr gridPtr_;
    const UnstructuredGridType& grid_;
 
    CommunicationType comm_;
    std::array< int, 3 > cartDims_;
    std::vector< std::vector< GeometryType > > geomTypes_;
    std::vector< std::vector< int > > cellVertices_;
 
    std::vector< GlobalCoordinate > unitOuterNormals_;
 
    mutable LeafIndexSet leafIndexSet_;
    mutable GlobalIdSet globalIdSet_;
    mutable LocalIdSet localIdSet_;
 
    size_t nBndSegments_;
 
  private:
    // no copying
    PolyhedralGrid ( const PolyhedralGrid& );
  };
 
 
 
  // PolyhedralGrid::Codim
  // -------------
 
  template< int dim, int dimworld, typename coord_t >
  template< int codim >
  struct PolyhedralGrid< dim, dimworld, coord_t >::Codim
  : public Base::template Codim< codim >
  {
    typedef typename Traits::template Codim< codim >::Entity Entity;
 
    typedef typename Traits::template Codim< codim >::EntityPointer EntityPointer;
 
    typedef typename Traits::template Codim< codim >::Geometry Geometry;
 
    typedef typename Traits::template Codim< codim >::LocalGeometry LocalGeometry;
 
    template< PartitionIteratorType pitype >
    struct Partition
    {
      typedef typename Traits::template Codim< codim >
        ::template Partition< pitype >::LeafIterator
        LeafIterator;
      typedef typename Traits::template Codim< codim >
        ::template Partition< pitype >::LevelIterator
        LevelIterator;
    };
 
    typedef typename Partition< All_Partition >::LeafIterator LeafIterator;
 
    typedef typename Partition< All_Partition >::LevelIterator LevelIterator;
 
  };
 
} // namespace Dune
 
#include <opm/grid/polyhedralgrid/persistentcontainer.hh>
#include <opm/grid/polyhedralgrid/cartesianindexmapper.hh>
#include <opm/grid/polyhedralgrid/gridhelpers.hh>
 
#endif // #ifndef DUNE_POLYHEDRALGRID_GRID_HH